Yale School of Medicine
 Coat of arms of the school | |
| Type | Private medical school |
|---|---|
| Established | 1810 |
Parent institution | Yale University |
| Dean | Nancy J. Brown |
Academic staff | 5,419[1] |
| Students | 1,840[1] |
| Location | , , US |
| Website | medicine |
The Yale School of Medicine is the medical school of Yale University, a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. It was founded in 1810 as the Medical Institution of Yale College and formally opened in 1813.[1] It is the sixth-oldest medical school in the United States.[2]
The school’s faculty clinical practice is Yale Medicine. Yale School of Medicine has a strong affiliation with its primary teaching hospital, Yale New Haven Hospital and the Yale New Haven Health System. The school is home to the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, which is one of the country’s largest modern medical libraries and is known for its historical collections.
The faculty includes 31 National Academy of Sciences members,[3] 50 National Academy of Medicine members,[4] and nine Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) investigators/professors.[5] Yale School of Medicine faculty have also received various international awards for their scientific discoveries, impactful research, and professional achievements. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to seven current or former faculty members, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to two faculty members.[6]
For the class of 2028, the school received 5,669 applications to fill 104 seats in the MD Program. The median GPA for the class was 3.94, and the median MCAT score was 521.[1]
Education
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The School of Medicine offers the Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree and a Master of Medical Science (MMSc) degree through the Yale Physician Associate Program and Yale Physician Assistant Online Program for prospective physician assistants. Public health degrees are administered through the Yale School of Public Health.[7]
There are also joint degree programs with other disciplines at Yale, including the MD/Juris Doctor (J.D.) in conjunction with Yale Law School; the MD/Master of Business Administration (MBA) in conjunction with the Yale School of Management; the MD/Master of Public Health (MPH) in conjunction with the Yale School of Public Health; science or engineering in conjunction with the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (MD/PhD); and the MD/Master of Divinity (MDiv) in conjunction with Yale Divinity School. Students pursuing a tuition-free fifth year of research are eligible for the Master of Health Science degree.
Yale System
[edit]
The school employs the "Yale System" established by Dean Winternitz in the 1920s,[8] wherein first- and second-year students are not graded or ranked among their classmates. In addition, course examinations are anonymous and are intended only for students' self-evaluation. Student performance is thus based on seminar participation, qualifying examinations (if a student fails, it is his or her responsibility to meet with a professor and arrange for an alternative assessment - passing grades are not released), clinical clerkship evaluations, and the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). Prior to graduation, students are required to submit a thesis based on original research.[8]
Rankings
[edit]For 2025, U.S. News & World Report ranked Yale School of Medicine as a Tier 1 medical school in Best Medical Schools: Research and as a Tier 3 school in Best Medical Schools: Primary Care.[9]
History
[edit]
In 18th century United States, credentials were not needed to practice medicine. Prior to the founding of the medical school, Yale graduates would train through an apprenticeship in order to become physicians. Yale President Ezra Stiles conceived the idea of training physicians at Yale and ultimately, his successor Timothy Dwight IV helped found the medical school. The school was chartered in 1810 and opened in New Haven in 1813. Nathan Smith (medicine and surgery) and Benjamin Silliman (pharmacology) were the first faculty members. Silliman was a professor of chemistry and taught at both Yale College and the Medical School. The other two founding faculty were Jonathan Knight, anatomy, physiology and surgery and Eli Ives, pediatrics.[10]
One of Yale's earliest medical graduates was Dr. Asaph Leavitt Bissell of Hanover, New Hampshire, who graduated in 1815, a member of the school's second graduating class. Following his graduation, Dr. Bissell moved to Suffield, Connecticut, a tobacco-farming community where his parents came from, and where he practiced as a country physician for the rest of his life.[10] The saddlebags that Dr. Bissell carried in his practice, packed with paper packets and glass bottles, are today in the school's Medical Historical Library.[11]
The original building (at Grove and Prospect) later became Sheffield Hall, part of the Sheffield Scientific School (razed in 1931). In 1860, the school moved to Medical Hall on York Street, near Chapel (this building was razed in 1957). In 1925, the school moved to its current campus, neighboring the hospital. This campus includes the Sterling Hall of Medicine (erected in 1925),[12] Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine (1991, designed by Cesar Pelli),[13][14] Anlyan Center (2003, designed by Payette and Venturi Scott Brown)[15] and the Amistad Building (2007, designed by Herbert Newman).[16]
On March 28, 2022, Jamie Petrone-Codrington, a former administrator pled guilty to fraud and tax charges for the theft of over $40 million dollars of computer and electronic software.[17] Jamie Petrone-Codrington illegally bought and sold hardware purchased for the School of Medicine, starting in 2013. According to the court records, Petrone-Codrington was turned in by an anonymous tip after being seen loading computer equipment into her private vehicle, and after ordering high volumes of equipment.[18][19]
Deans
[edit]Before 1845, there was no dean. Nathan Smith, followed by Jonathan Knight, provided leadership in the early years. Thereafter, physicians of various specialities have served as dean of the medical school:[20]
- Charles Hooker (1845–1863): professor of anatomy and physiology [20]
- Charles Augustus Lindsley, MD (1863–1885): physician and professor of materia, medica, and therapeutics; later professor of the theory and practice of medicine
- Herbert Eugene Smith, MD (1885–1910): physician and chemist[20]
- George Blumer, MD (1910–1920): psychiatrist and scientist[21]
- Milton Winternitz, MD (1920–1935): pathologist
- Stanhope Bayne-Jones, MD (1935–1940): bacteriologist[22]
- Francis Gilman Blake, MD (1940–1947): immunologist[23]
- Cyril Norman Hugh Long, MD (1947–1952): physician and biochemist[24]
- Vernon W. Lippard, MD (1952–1967): pediatrician[25]
- Frederick Carl Redlich, MD (1967–1972): psychiatrist[26][27]
- Lewis Thomas, MD (1972–1973): immunologist and author[28]
- Robert Berliner, MD (1973–1984): renal physiologist[29]
- Leon Rosenberg, MD (1984–1991): geneticist[30]
- Robert M. Donaldson, MD (acting) (1991–1992): gastroenterologist[31]
- Gerard N. Burrow, MD (1992–1997): endocrinologist[32]
- David Aaron Kessler, MD (1997–2003): pediatrician, lawyer, and former commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration[33]
- Dennis Spencer, MD (acting) (2003–2004): neurosurgeon[33]
- Robert Alpern, MD (2004–2020): nephrologist[34]
- Nancy J. Brown, MD (2020–present): internist and clinical pharmacologist[35][36]
Notable faculty
[edit]Current
- Amy Arnsten, PhD, Albert E. Kent Professor of Neuroscience and professor of psychology (National Academy of Medicine, 2017)
- Pietro De Camilli, MD, John Klingenstein Professor of Neuroscience and professor of cell biology (E.B. Wilson Medal 2021; Julius Axelrod Prize, 2015; American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2012; Institute of Medicine, 2005; American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2001; National Academy of Sciences, 2001; HHMI Investigator, 1992)
- Vincent DeVita Jr., MD, Amy and Joseph Perella Professor of Medicine (Medical Oncology) and professor of epidemiology (Lasker Award, 1972)
- Erol Fikrig, MD, Waldemar Von Zedtwitz Professor of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), professor of epidemiology (microbial diseases) and of microbial pathogenesis, and section chief for infectious disease in YSM’s Department of Internal Medicine (National Academy of Medicine, 2024)[37]
- Richard Flavell, PhD, Sterling Professor of Immunobiology (William B. Coley Award, 2012; Vilcek Prize in Biomedical Science, 2013)
- Jorge Galàn, DVM, PhD, Lucille P. Markey Professor of Microbial Pathogenesis and professor of cell biology (National Academy of Sciences, 2015; NIH MERIT Award, 2000 and 2015; National Academy of Sciences, 2013)
- Valentina Greco, PhD, Carolyn Slayman Professor of Geneitcs (HHMI Investigator, 2024; International Society for Stem Cell Research Momentum Award, 2021; NIH Director’s Pioneer Award, 2019)
- Tamas Horvath, DVM, PhD, Jean and David W. Wallace Professor of Comparative Medicine and professor of neuroscience and of obstetrics, gynecology & reproductive sciences (Széchenyi Prize, 2023; Outstanding Scientific Achievement Award, 2016)
- Arthur L Horwich, MD, professor emeritus of genetics (Lasker Award, 2011; American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2021; Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, 2020; Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize, 2019; Dr. Paul Janssen Award for Biomedical Research, 2019; E.B. Wilson Medal, 2017; Institute of Medicine, 2008; National Academy of Sciences, 2003)
- Akiko Iwasaki, PhD, Sterling Professor of Immunobiology and professor of dermatology and of molecular, cellular & developmental biology, and of epidemiology (Nakaaki Tsukahara Memorial Award, 2024; president of American Association of Immunologists, 2024; Else Kröner Fresenius Prize for Medical Research, 2023; National Academy of Medicine, 2019; National Academy of Sciences, 2018; HHMI Investigator, 2014)
- John Krystal, MD, Robert L. McNeil Jr. Professor of Translational Research, chair and professor of psychiatry, and professor of neuroscience and of psychology (Colvin Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Mood Disorders Research, 2019; National Academy of Medicine, 2010)[38]
- Haifan Lin, PhD, Eugene Higgins Professor of Cell Biology and professor of genetics, of obstetrics, gynecology & reproductive sciences, and of dermatology, director of Yale Stem Cell Center (Francis Amory Prize, 2024; National Academy of Medicine, 2024; National Academy of Sciences, 2018; American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2018; American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2010)
- Ruslan Medzhitov, PhD, Sterling Professor of Immunobiology (Jessie Stevenson Kovalenko Medal, 2024; Dickson Prize in Medicine, 2019; William B. Coley Award, 2013; Else Kröner Fresenius Prize for Medical Research, 2013; National Academy of Sciences, 2010; HHMI Investigator, 2000)
- Marcella Nunez-Smith, MD, MHS, CNH Long Professor of Internal Medicine (General Medicine) and professor of epidemiology (chronic disease) and of public health, associate dean for health equity research (National Academy of Medicine, 2021)
- Lucila Ohno-Machado, MD, MBA, PhD, Waldemar von Zedtwitz Professor of Medicine and of Biomedical Informatics & Data Science, deputy dean for biomedical informatics, chair of biomedical informatics & data science (inaugural Helen M. Ranney Award, 2024; American College of Medical Informatics Distinguished Fellow, 2023; National Academy of Medicine, 2018)
- Marina Picciotto, PhD, Charles B.G. Murphy Professor of Psychiatry and professor in the Yale Child Study Center, of neuroscience, and of pharmacology (President of the Society for Neuroscience, 2023-24; American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 2024; Carnegie Prize in Mind & Brain Sciences, 2020; Langley Award, 2020)
- Pasko Rakic, MD, PhD, Dorys McConnell Duberg Professor of Neuroscience and professor of neurology (Connecticut Medal of Science, 2019; Kavli Prize in neuroscience, 2008; Bristol Myers Squibb Neuroscience Award, 2003)
- James Rothman, PhD, Sterling Professor of Cell Biology and professor of chemistry (Lasker Award, 2002; Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2013)
- David G. Schatz, PhD, Waldemar Von Zedtwitz Professor of Immunobiology and Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, chair, Immunobiology (Pail Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize, 2022; National Academy of Medicine, 2019; National Academy of Sciences, 2018; American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2016; American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2014)
- Joseph Schlessinger, PhD, Willian H. Prusoff Professor of Pharmacology (BBVA Frontiers of Knowledge Award, 2015; Institute of Medicine, 2005; American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2001)
- Nenad Sestan, MD, PhD, Harvey and Kate Cushing Professor of Neuroscience and professor of comparative medicine, of genetics, and of psychiatry (Kavli Instituteof Medicine Innovative Research Award, 2022; National Academy of Medicine, 2019)
- Joan A. Steitz, PhD, Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry (Wolf Prize, 2021; Lasker-Koshland Award, 2018; E.B. Wilson Medal, 2005; National Medal of Science, 1986; National Academy of Sciences, 1983; American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1983)
- Stephen Strittmatter, MD, PhD, Vincent Coates Professor of Neurology and professor of neuroscience (Association of American Physicians, 2024; King Faisal Prize for Medicine, 2021)
- Mary Tinetti, MD; Gladys Philips Crofoot Professor of Medicine (Geriatrics) (MacArthur Foundation Fellow, 2009; National Academy of Medicine, 2007)
- Emily Wang, MD, professor of medicine and of public health (National Academy of Medicine, 2023; MacArthur Foundation Fellow, 2022; American Society of Clinical Investigation, 2021)
Past
[edit]- Sidney Altman, PhD (1939-2022): Sterling Professor of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, discovered the catalytic properties of RNA, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1989
- Paul B Beeson, MD (1908-2006): chair and professor of internal medicine and expert in infection
- C. Lee Buxton, MD (1904-1969): obstetrician, birth control advocate, and appellant in Griswold v. Connecticut
- Russell Henry Chittenden, PhD, (1856-1943): physiological chemist, pioneer of digestion and nutrition
- James William Colbert, Jr., MD (1920-1974): immunologist, assistant dean of postgraduate education
- Harvey Cushing, MD (1869-1939): neurosurgeon, pioneer of brain surgery, identified Cushing's syndrome
- Jennifer Doudna, PhD (1964-); former Henry Ford II Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2020
- John F. Enders, PhD (1897-1985): vaccine pioneer, including development of the measles vaccine
- Marilyn Farquhar, PhD (1928-2019): cell biologist, first female Sterling Professor at Yale
- Stephen Fleck, MD (1912–2002): psychiatrist, coauthor of Schizophrenia and the Family
- John Farquhar Fulton, MD, DSc (1899–1960): Sterling Professor of Physiology, neurophysiology of primates
- Arnold Gesell, MD (1880-1961): psychologist and pediatrician, developed the Yale Child Study Center
- Alfred Gilman Sr., PhD (1908-1984): pharmacologist, chemotherapy pioneer and co-author of The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
- Patricia Goldman-Rakic, PhD (1937–2003): neurobiologist, pioneer of studies on the frontal lobe and the cellular basis of working memory
- Paul Greengard, PhD (1925-2019); former professor of pharmacology and psychiatry, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2000
- Harry S.N. Greene, MD (1904–1969): professor of pathology
- Beatrix Hamburg, MD (1923-2018): adolescent psychiatrist and the first African-American female to attend Yale School of Medicine
- Orvan Hess, MD (1906-2002): developed the fetal heart monitor and early use of penicillin
- Dorothy Horstmann, MD (1911-2001): epidemiologist, virologist, pioneer in the study of polio, first female to receive an endowed chair at Yale[39]
- James D. Jamieson, MD, PhD (1934–2018): cell biologist, established the function of the Golgi apparatus alongside George Palade, MD
- Brian Kobilka, MD (1955- ): physiologist, YSM alumnus, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2012
- Theodore Lidz, MD (1910-2001): Sterling Professor of Psychiatry, researcher of schizophrenia
- Lafayette Mendel, PhD (1872–1935): biochemist, discoverer of vitamin A, vitamin B, and essential amino acids
- Sherwin B. Nuland, MD (1930-2014): clinical professor of surgery, winner of the National Book Award for How We Die: Reflections on Life's Final Chapter
- George Emil Palade, MD (1912-2008): a founding father of modern cell biology, Sterling Professor of Cell Biology, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1974
- William Prusoff, PhD (1920-2011): discovered idoxuridine, the first antiviral agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration, and discovered the anti-HIV effect of stavudine(D4T)[40]
- Juan Rosai, MD (1940-2020): professor of pathology and director of the Department of Anatomic Pathology, author of surgical pathology textbook, discovered Rosai-Dorfman disease and desmoplastic small round cell tumor
- Leon E. Rosenberg, MD (1933-2022): dean and inaugural chair of the Department of Genetics
- Richard Selzer, MD (1928-2016): surgeon and author
- Robert Sherwin, MD (1942-2023): endocrinologist and diabetes researcher, led the Yale Center for Clinical Investigation
- Nathan Smith, MD (1762-1829): professor of physics, surgery and obstetrics, founder of Dartmouth Medical School and co-founder of the University of Vermont College of Medicine[41][42]
- Albert J. Solnit, MD (1919-2002): psychoanalyst, child rights advocate, and Sterling Professor of Psychiatry
- Thomas A. Steitz, PhD (1940–2018): Sterling Professor of Biophysics and Biochemistry, 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, discovered the atomic structure of the ribosome
- Edward Tatum, PhD (1909-1975): former professor of microbiology, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1958
- Max Theiler, MD (1899-1972): former professor of epidemiology and microbiology, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1951
- Richard W. Tsien, PhD (1945–): former assistant professor in the Department of Physiology, characterized calcium channel types
- John Vane, DPhil (1927-2004): former assistant professor the Department of Pharmacology, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1982
- Frans Wackers, MD, PhD (1939-): nuclear cardiologist, former director of the Cardiovascular Nuclear Imaging and Stress Laboratories
- Ruth Whittemore, MD (1918-2001): pediatric cardiologist who provided pre- and post-operative care for the infant who received the first “blue baby” operation in 1944
- Milton Winternitz, MD (1885-1959): dean, established the Yale System of Medical Education
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "YSM History, Mission, Facts & Figures". Yale School of Medicine. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
- ^ "About Yale School of Medicine". Yale School of Medicine. Yale University. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
- ^ "Member Directory". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
- ^ "General Directory". National Academy of Medicine. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
- ^ "People". Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI).
- ^ "National and International Award Recipients". Yale School of Medicine. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
- ^ "Online Physician Assistant Programs | Yale School of Medicine". Retrieved 2018-08-01.
- ^ a b Calott Wang, Dora (August 2020). "The Yale System at 100 Years". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 93 (3): 441–451. PMC 7448392. PMID 32874151.
- ^ "Yale University". usnews.com. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 22 January 2025.
- ^ a b "Home - Yale School of Medicine". Medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ "Yale Medicine Magazine - Yale School of Medicine". Medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ Collins, William F. (1991-09-01). "The Sterling Hall of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine". Journal of Neurosurgery. 75 (3): 489–490. doi:10.3171/jns.1991.75.3.0489. PMID 1869956.
- ^ "Cesar Pelli, 19262019". yalealumnimagazine.org. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
- ^ "The People Behind the Plaques". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
- ^ "A new space for science". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
- ^ "New building on Amistad Street: a place "where great science is done"". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
- ^ Vigdor, Neil (1 April 2022). "Former Yale Official Admits to $40 Million Fraud Scheme". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
- ^ Uwanamodo, Muna. "Former Yale employee pleads guilty as courts uncover $40 million fraud plot". www.thedp.com. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
- ^ Qu, Hannah (2022-03-28). "Former School of Medicine administrator pleads guilty to stealing $40 million from the University". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 2022-04-01.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Archives, Manuscripts and. "Yale University Library Research Guides: Yale Officers: Medicine". guides.library.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "DR. GEORGE BLUMER, EX-DEAN AT YALE, 91". The New York Times. 1962-05-17. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
- ^ "Stanhope Bayne-Jones, M.D." American Association of Immunologists. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
- ^ "The American Association of Immunologists - Francis G. Blake". www.aai.org. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ Smith, O.L.K.; Hardy, J.D. (1975). "Cyril Norman Hugh Long" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences. 46: 265–309. PMID 11615672.
- ^ Saxon, Wolfgang (1984-12-24). "V.W. LIPPARD, EX-YALE DEAN". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
- ^ Lavietes, Stuart (2004-01-17). "Dr. Frederick C. Redlich, 93, Biographer of Hitler". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
- ^ Poppick, Susie (2004-01-21). "Former Med. School Dean Redlich, 93, passes away". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 2024-06-11.
- ^ "Yale Dean to Quit Med School Post After Year's Stay | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ^ O'Connor, Anahad (2002-02-12). "Robert Berliner, 86, Renal Expert And Former Yale Medical Dean". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ^ Smith, Harrison (29 July 2022). "Leon Rosenberg, trailblazing human geneticist, dies at 89". The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
- ^ "Dr. Robert Donaldson, former medical deputy dean, dies". archives.news.yale.edu. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
- ^ Zamichow, Nora (1992-04-16). "UCSD Medical Dean Heading Back to Yale : Education: Gerard Burrow, credited with recruiting nationally recognized scientists for the college, is rejoining his alma mater as head of its medical school". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ^ a b By (2003-06-24). "YALE MEDICAL SCHOOL DEAN IS LEAVING". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 2024-04-22.
- ^ "Alpern reappointed to new term as dean of medical school". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
- ^ "Yale names first female dean of medical school". New Haven Register. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
- ^ "Nancy Brown Appointed to Serve as the Next Dean of Yale Medical School". Women In Academia Report. 2019-09-18. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
- ^ "Erol Fikrig". Yale School of Medicine.
- ^ "John Krystal". Yale School of Medicine.
- ^ Altman, Lawrence (January 21, 2001), "Dr. Dorothy Horstmann, 89; Made Strides in Polio Research", The New York Times, p. 36
- ^ Curtis, John (Fall 1999 – Winter 2000), "A lifetime making mischief with DNA", Yale Medicine
- ^ "200 Years of Internal Medicine at Yale". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
- ^ "Dartmouth Medical School - A Short History of DMS". 2007-03-13. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2024-08-28.
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